Fig. 5

Chemotherapy-elicited exosomes promoted breast cancer chemoresistance by inducing the WNT/β-catenin and Notch stemness pathways in vivo. a, b Immunohistochemistry analysis of DKK3 and NUMB in breast cancer patient tissues before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the no response group (n = 24). c, d The expression level of miR-378 was negatively correlated with DKK3 or NUMB in breast cancer (n = 470). e–g Mice treated with different exosomes and DOX, as shown in Fig. 2a. e Immunohistochemistry analysis of DKK3 and NUMB in tumors (n = 5). f Western blot analysis of the expression of DKK3, β-catenin, Cyclin D1, C-MYC, NUMB, NOTCH1, HES1 and HEY1 in tumors. g Serum exosomes were collected and analyzed for miR-378a-3p and miR-378d contents. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001