Table 4 Current status of antiangiogenic agents in UM

Bevacizumab + Temozolomide

VEGF-A

Piperno-Neumann et al. 2013, 2016 [342, 345]

Bevacizumab + IFN-α2b

VEGF-A + bFGF

Guenterberg et al. 2011 [336]

Thalidomide + IFN-α2b

VEGF-A + TNFα + bFGF

Solti et al. 2007 [337]

Thalidomide + PEG-IFN-α2b

VEGF-A + TNFα + bFGF

Phase II, NCT00238329

Temozolamide + Thalidomide

VEGF-A + TNFα

Phase I/II, NCT00005815

Temozolomide + Thalidomide + Lomustine

VEGF-A + TNFα

Phase II, NCT00072345

Temozolomide + Sunitinib

VEGFR-1–3, PDGFR, KIT

Phase II, NCT01005472

Aflibercept

VEGF-A, −B, PIGF

Tarhini et al. 2011 [146, 193]

Lenalidomide

VEGF, VEGFR-2

Zeldis et al. 2009 [339]

Carboplatin + Paclitaxel + Sorafenib

VEGFR-1–3, PDGFR-β, KIT

Bhatia et al. 2012 [340, 348]

Sorafenib

VEGFR-1–3, PDGFR-β, KIT

Mouriaux et al. 2016 [346]

Scheulen et al. 2017 [344]

Sunitinib

VEGFR-1–3, PDGFR, KIT

Mahipal et al., 2012 [341]

Sunitinib vs DTIC

VEGFR-1–3, PDGFR, KIT

Phase II, NCT01551459

Sunitinib vs Valproic Acid

VEGFR-1–3, PDGFR, KIT

Phase II, NCT02068586

Sunitinib + Tamoxifen + Cisplatin

VEGFR-1–3, PDGFR, KIT

Phase II, NCT00489944

Imatinib mesylate

PDGFR, KIT

Hofmann et al. 2009 [338]

Axitinib

VEGFR − 1, −2, −3

Fruehauf et al. 2011 [161]

Cabozantinib

VEGFR-2, c-Met, KIT

Daud et al. 2017 [343, 347]

Cabozantinib vs Temozolomide or DTIC

VEGFR-2, c-Met, KIT

Luke et al. 2020 [349]

Vaccine: Tyrosinase/gp100 ± Interleukin-12

bFGF, VEGFR-3

Phase II, NCT00003339

Vaccine:Tyrosinase/GP100/MART-1 + Interleukin-12 + Alum/GM-CSF

bFGF, VEGFR-3

Phase II, NCT00031733

Nab-paclitaxel + Bevacizumab vs Ipilimumab

VEGF-A

Phase II, NCT02158520