Fig. 2

Structure and function of SEs. a eRNAs transcribed from SE regions enhance the SE-promoter interaction and contribute to the transcription of target genes. b Master TFs form a core transcriptional regulatory circuitry by binding to their SE regions and strongly promote their own expression. c Multiple components including TFs, cofactors, MED1, BRD4, and RNA Pol II form a phase separation structure in the SE region, which promotes cross-link interactions and concentrates the transcription apparatus at SE-associated genes. d Gain or loss of SEs increases tumor proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance through promotion of the expression of oncogenes or inhibiting the expression of tumor suppressor genes