Fig. 1

Generation and applications of CRC preclinical models. After CRC patient tumor’s surgery or biopsy, the blood sample (PBMC is obtained after sample processing) and the tumor specimen are collected. These biological materials are subsequently used for histopathological analysis along with genetic profiling as for medical therapeutic decision in case of metastatic colorectal cancer. In parallel, preclinical models such as primary cell lines, XLs, PDXs, zPDXs and PDOs can be generated in the laboratory. Once established, these models are expanded in order to create sufficient material for storage and biobanking. Multiple applications can be performed for in vitro and in vivo characterization of these models. The integration of these results, together with bioinformatic analysis, can be finally potentially translated to the design of novel clinical trials. PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; XLs, patient-derived xenolines; PDXs, patient-derived xenografts; PDOs, patient-derived organoids; FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; IHC, immunohistochemistry. This figure was created with BioRender.com