Fig. 1

TG2 was necessary for effective DNA damage repair. A: mRNA expressions of TGM2 (TG2’s gene name) gene in both radiosensitive (n = 38) and radioresistant (n = 49) cancer patients, which were identified by using an integrative TCGA analysis on various cancers including lung cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck carcinoma. B, C: The correlations of TGM2 gene mRNA expression with both overall survival (OS) (P = 0.0073) and progression-free survival (PFS) (P = 0.0012) of radiotherapy treated cancer patients. D: Both original A549 cells and the A549 cells of TG2 KO were exposed to 8 Gy γ-irradiation. Afterward, cells were immune-stained for recognizing γ-H2AX with proper anti-γ-H2AX antibody and merged with DAPI stained result at 0, 0.5 and 8 h after irradiation. Scale bar, 20 μm. Panel D showed the representative images with average numbers of γ-H2AX foci per cell after quantificational analyses. E: Representative images of neutral comet assay showed the tail moment in both original A549 cells and the A549 cells of TG2 KO for evaluating their DNA damage (8 Gy). Scale bar, 50 μm. Cells from different groups were quantificationally analyzed for their tail moments in comet assay. F: Western blotting analysis activation of DNA-PKcs and ATM in TG2 KD A549 cells after 8 Gy irradiation. G-I: Colonogenic assay was used to detect colony formation of TG2 knockdown A549, H1299 and H460 cells after 0, 2, 4 or 8 Gy irradiation. *P < 0.05. **P < 0.01