Fig. 4

Metformin can regulate UFM1 expression. A DRUGSURV database (http://www.bioprofiling.de/GEO/DRUGSURV/) analysis showing that UFM1 is an indirect target of metformin. B T47D cells were treated with metformin at 0, 2, 5, or10 mM for 48 h or treated with metformin (5 mM) for 0, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h. The UFM1-conjugated proteins were measured via Western blotting. C The relative UFM1 RNA level was measured via qRT-PCR after T47D cells were treated with metformin at 0, 2, 5, or 10 mM for 48 h. D T47D cells were treated with Metformin (0–80 mM) for 48 h with or without the overexpression of UFM1. Cell viability was assayed. E T47D cells were treated with 5 mM metformin for 48 h with or without overexpression of UFM1. The relative levels of GSH were assayed