Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: A New Player in Cancer Metastasis and Therapeutic Target

Table 1 Types and Characteristics of NETs Formation

	NETosis		Viable NETs Formation
	NOX2-Dependent	NOX2-Independent	ROS-Dependent	ROS-Independent
Stimulus	PMA; LPS	Calcium or Potassium ionophore; Nicotine	LPS; C5a	Staphylococcus aureus
Intermediate Signaling	PKC-Raf-Mek-Erk	SK channel	ND	ND
Dependent on	NOX2-ROS, MPO, NE	MitoROS, Akt, PAD4	ROS	ND
Independent of	PAD4	NOX2, MPO, NE	ND	ROS
DNA Content	Decondensed chromatin	Decondensed chromatin or mtDNA	mtDNA	Decondensed chromatin
Time Period for NETs Formation	2.5–4 h	3–4 h	15 min	5 min
Neutrophil Destiny	Lysis	Lysis	Alive, Loss of mtDNA	Alive, Anuclear

NOX2 NADPH oxidase 2, PMA phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, ROS reactive oxygen species, LPS lipopolysaccharide, ERK extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, MEK MAPK/ERK kinase, mitoROS mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, MPO myeloperoxidase, NE neutrophil elastase, PAD4 protein-arginine deiminase type 4, PKC protein kinase C, SK channel small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, TLR Toll-like receptor, ND not determined

ISSN: 1756-9966