Fig. 2
Integrated overview on how poly(I:C) affects GBM and immune cells on molecular and functional levels. Poly(I:C) activates several immune cells directly and indirectly, while also leveraging the GBM cellular machinery for attraction and activation of immune cells. In addition, poly(I:C) can induce cytostasis, apoptosis and less invasiveness, while remaining sensitivity to certain viruses. Color coding of proteins indicates effect of poly(I:C) compared to non-treated cells: black, unaltered; green, upregulation/induction; red, downregulation/inhibition. Green helices represent double-stranded poly(I:C); small spheres represent secreted factors. CCL/CXCL, C-C/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; GBM, glioblastoma; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IL-1RN, IL-1 receptor antagonist; ISG15, IFN-stimulated gene 15; M0/1/2, M0/1/2-polarized macrophage; MGMT, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MX1, MC dynamin-line GTPase 1; NK, natural killer cell; Noxa, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1; PD-L, programmed death 1 ligand; poly(I:C), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid; TGF, transforming growth factor; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; TAP1/2, transporter 1/2, ATP binding cassette subfamily B member; TNF, tumor necrosis factor