Fig. 4
Poly-ICLC driven therapeutic combinations options in GBM. Poly-ICLC possesses abilities to propel standards of care modalities, but in particular immunotherapy. Given the interplay between poly-ICLC and the different potential therapeutic partners, we postulate to combining more than two components outside of the standard of care will be required to, and bears promising potential to, invigorate treatment of GBM patients. Green helices represent double-stranded poly-ICLC. BBB, blood-brain barrier; CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; cIAP-1, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1; CXCR3, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3; DC, dendritic cell; GBM, glioblastoma; IFN, interferon; IL-12, interleukin-12; M1, M1-polarized macrophage; MGMT, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MX1, MC dynamin-line GTPase 1; NK, natural killer cell; PD-(L)1, programmed death 1 (ligand 1); poly-ICLC, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid stabilized with carboxymethylcellulose and poly-L-lysine; SMAC, second mitochondrial activator of caspases; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; TCR, T-cell receptor; TME, tumor microenvironment; TNF(R), TNF, tumor necrosis factor (receptor); xIAP, elevated x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein