Fig. 5

a KYSE-150R and TE-1R cells were cocultured with SH-KYSE-150 and SH-TE-1 cells respectively and then exposed to 0 and 4 Gy of X-ray radiation treatment. Colonies of KYSE-150R and TE-1R cells were stained and imaged after 14 days of radiation. b The survival fraction upon 4 Gy X-ray radiation of KYSE-150R and TE-1R cells that were cocultured with NORAD knockdown cells were calculated and analysed. c Electron microscopy was used to confirm the presence of exosomes extracted from SH-KYSE-150 cells. Scale bars represent 200 μm (left panel) and 100 μm (right panel). d NTA (nanoparticle tracking analysis) was used to assess the particle size and relative number of particles of exosomes extracted. e NTA (nanoparticle tracking analysis) exosome imaging with a representative picture of exosomes. f Western blot evaluating the level of the exosome marker CD63 in extracted exosomes. g Exosome tracer experiments to evaluate the ability of exosomes to enter target cells. h KYSE-150R and TE-1R cells were cocultured with SH-KYSE-150 exo and SH-TE-1 exo, respectively, and then exposed to 0 and 4 Gy of X-ray radiation treatment. Colonies of KYSE-150R and TE-1R cells were stained and imaged after 14 days of radiation. i The fractions of surviving KYSE-150R and TE-1R cells that were cocultured with NORAD knockdown exosomes and exposed to 4 Gy of X-ray radiation were calculated and analysed. (n = 3 technical replicates, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001)