Fig. 1

In vivo administration of activin-A attenuates the development and progression of lung tumors. A Survival plot of activin-A-treated or untreated LLC-OVA-tumor bearing mice (n = 10). B Representative macroscopic images of LLC-OVA-tumor bearing lung lobes. C Tumor foci and lung weight measurements of activin-A-treated or untreated LLC-OVA-tumor bearing mice (n = 7). D Representative photomicrographs of H&E-stained lung sections (scale bars: 100 μm). E Representative flow cytometry plots (left) and cumulative percentages of CD45⁺ lung tumor-infiltrating cells (right). F Representative flow cytometry plots (left) and cumulative percentages of CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells among CD45⁺ lung tumor-infiltrating cells (right). G Representative flow cytometry plots (left) and cumulative percentages of CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells among CD45⁺ lung tumor-infiltrating cells (right). H Cytokine levels in supernatants of lung tumor-infiltrating leukocyte cultures. Data are mean ± SEM of triplicate wells. Data are representative of 6 independent experiments. Statistical significance was obtained by Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test and unpaired Student’s t-test; *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01