Fig. 6

P. loescheii colonization and butyrate supplementation downregulate IL-1β and TNF-α in colonic macrophages. In the B16F10 melanoma model, the C57BL/6 mice were orally administrated with Prevotellaceae loescheii (P. loescheii) (1 × 10⁸ CFU/mouse/every 2 days) or sodium butyrate (1 g/kg) for 1 week during BMS-1 (10 mg/kg)-treatment (n = 10). A Representative images of immunostaining analysis of CD68⁺iNOS⁺ and CD68⁺CD206⁺ cells in colonic tissues and corresponding quantitative analysis. Scale bars, 20 μm. B M1 marker (iNOS and CXCL9) and M2 marker (CD206 and Arg-1) in colonic macrophages were measured by qPCR. C The M1 factors (IL-1β and TNF-α) and M2 factors (TGF-β and IL-10) in colonic macrophages were determined by ELISA. The values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 vs. BMS-1