Fig. 9

Proposed mechanism of overexpressed HuD providing pro-survival signals in neuroblastoma. Under optimal growth conditions, mTORC1 suppresses HuD expression via NeuroD1/miR375. Under various stress conditions, the mTORC1 block on HuD is lifted. The increased levels of HuD bind and stabilize RNA messages for GRB-10 and ARL6IP1. Increased levels of GRB-10 continue to limit the binding of Raptor to mTOR and keep mTOR activity at a reduced level and lift suppression on autophagy. Increased levels of ARL6IP1 provide additional pro-survival signals. ARL6IP1 is a transmembrane ER-shaping protein, functioning in preventing apoptosis by inhibiting the caspase pathway (diagram created with BioRender.com)