Fig. 5
From: Increased Drp1 promotes autophagy and ESCC progression by mtDNA stress mediated cGAS-STING pathway
Drp1 overexpression causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cytosolic mtDNA stress in ESCC cells. (A) Mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed by JC-1 staining in ESCC cells as indicated. Scale bars: 100 μm. (B) ATP concentration was measured in ESCC cells as indicated. (C) ROS production was measured with flow cytometry in ESCC cells as indicated. (D) Confocal microscopy images of indicated ESCC cells stained with Picogreen (green, DNA) and MitoTracker (red, mitochondria). Scale bar: 20 μm.(E and F) Cytosolic mtDNA content was measured using droplet digital PCR in ESCC cells as indicated. The data shown are the mean ± SEM from three separate experiments. Drp1, expression vector encoding Drp1; EV, empty vector; NC, negative control; HI DNase I, heat inactivated DNase I. P value from t tests. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001