CAR race to cancer immunotherapy: from CAR T, CAR NK to CAR macrophage therapy

Table 1 Current FDA approvals of CAR T therapies

Name	Trade name	Intra- cellular domain	Target	Approval date	Indication*	Lymphodepleting regimen	Dosing regimen**	Clinical benefit	Trial name and reference
Axicabtagene ciloleucel	Yescarta	CD3ζ and CD28	CD19	Oct 18, 2017	Large B-cell lymphoma	FluCy^a	2 × 10⁶/kg	ORR: 82%, CR:54%	ZUMA-1 [2]
Axicabtagene ciloleucel	Yescarta	CD3ζ and CD28	CD19	Mar 5, 2021	Follicular Lymphoma	FluCy^a	2 × 10⁶/kg	ORR: 91% CR: 60%	ZUMA-5 [3]
Brexucabtagene autoleucel	Tecartus	CD3ζ and CD28	CD19	Jul 24, 2020	Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)	FluCy^a	2 × 10⁶/kg	ORR: 93%, CR: 67%	ZUMA-2 [4]
Idecabtagene vicleucel	Abecma	CD3ζ and 4-1BB	BCMA	Mar 26, 2021	Multiple myeloma	FluCy^b	150 × 10⁶	ORR: 50%, CR: 25%	KarMMa [5]
							300 × 10⁶	ORR: 69%, CR: 29%
							450 × 10⁶	ORR: 82%, CR: 39%
Lisocabtagene maraleucel	Breyanzi	CD3ζ and 4-1BB	CD19	Feb 5, 2021	Large B-cell Lymphoma	FluCy^b	50 × 10⁶	ORR:68%, CR:60%	TRANSCEND NHL 001 [6]
							100 × 10⁶	ORR:74%, CR:52%
							150 × 10⁶	ORR:73%, CR:51%
Tisagenlecleucel	Kymriah	CD3ζ and 4-1BB	CD19	Aug 30, 2017	Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia	FluCy^c OR CYVE^e	Median: 3.1 × 10⁶/kg Range: 0.2 × 10⁶–5.4 × 10⁶/kg	Overall remission rate***: 81%. CR: 60%	ELIANA [7]
Tisagenlecleucel	Kymriah	CD3ζ and 4-1BB	CD19	May 1, 2018	Large B-Cell Lymphoma	FluCy^d OR Bendamustine (90 mg/m² IV × 2 days)	Median: 3.0 × 10⁸ Range: 0.1 × 10⁸–6.0 × 10⁸	ORR: 52%; CR: 40%	JULIET [8]

ORR Objective response rate, CR Complete response, Mo Months, IV Intravenous infusion, Kg Kilogram of Body Weight, FluCy Fludarabine and Cyclophosphamide, CYVE Cytarabine and Etoposide
* all diseases are relapsed or refractory
** all doses are single intravenous infusions on day 0
*** defined as the rate of a best overall response of either complete remission or complete remission with incomplete hematologic recovery within 3 months
^a Fludarabine (30 mg/m²) and Cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m²) IV on days −5, −4, and − 3
^b Fludarabine (30 mg/m²) and Cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m²) IV on days − 5, − 4, and − 3
^C Fludarabine (30 mg/m² IV × 4 days) and Cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m² IV × 2 days)
^d Fludarabine (25 mg/m²) and Cyclophosphamide (250 mg/m²) IV on days − 5, − 4, and − 3
^e Cytarabine (500 mg/m2 IV × 2 days) and Etoposide (150 mg/m2 IV × 3 days)

ISSN: 1756-9966