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Table 1 Characteristics and functions of lysine acylations

From: Oncometabolites drive tumorigenesis by enhancing protein acylation: from chromosomal remodelling to nonhistone modification

Acylations

Writers

Readers

Erasers

Metabolites sources

Functions

Ref

Kcr

P300/CBP; GNATs(PCAF);MYSTs(MOF,KAT6A, HBO1, Tip60)

YEATS domain(AF9;Taf 14;YEATS2;ENL)

DPF domain(DPF2, MOZ, TAF1)

HDAC1–3; SIRT1–3

Crotonyl-CoA; crotonate

Activate transcription

[28]

Regulate spermatogenesis

[20, 29, 30]

Regulate DNA damage response

[31, 32]

Ensures accurate spindle positioning

[33]

Protect renal function

[34]

Ameliorate depression

[35]

Reactivate latent HIV

[36]

Facilitate telomere maintenance and differentiation of stem cells

[37, 38]

Kla

P300

NA

NA

Lactyl-CoA;

LGSH

Activate transcription

[39]

Facilitate cell reprogramming

[39]

Foster lung fibrosis

[40]

Promote M1-M2 polarization

[21, 41]

Ksucc

GNATs(GCN5,HAT1);CPT1A; KGDHC

YEATS domain(GAS41)

SIRT5;

SIRT7

Succinyl-CoA;

Succinate

Activate transcription

[42, 43]

Impair mitochondria respiration, mitophagy and metabolic flexibility

[44]

Deter neuro filaments aggression in AD

[45,46,47,48]

Exacerbate hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ischemia-perfusion injury

[49,50,51,52,53]

Kpr

P300/CBP; GNATs(GCN5,PCAF); MYSTs(MOF, MOZ, HBO1)

Bromodomain(BRD4,BRPF1);

YEATS domain

SIRT1–3

Propionyl-CoA; propionate

Activate transcription

[54, 55]

Facilitate protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases

[56]

Kbu

P300/CBP;

HBO1

Bromodomain(BRD4,BRD9,CECR2,TAF1,Brdt,BRPF1);YEATS domain

SIRT1–3

Butyryl-CoA; butyrate

Activate transcription

[54, 57]

Promote spermatogenesis

[58]

Kma

NA

NA

SIRT2;

SIRT5

Malonyl-CoA;

malonate

Facilitate inflammation

[59]

Involve in malonic aciduria, diabetes-induced NTDs and OA

[60,61,62,63]

Kglu

P300;

GNATS(GCN5)

NA

SIRT5;

SIRT7

Glutaryl-CoA; Glutarate

Activate transcription

[25, 64]

Destabilize nucleosome structure

[64]

Involve in GA1 disease

[65]

Maintain sperm motility

[66]

Khib

P300;

MYSTs(ESa1p,Tip60)

NA

HDAC1–3;

Rpd3p;Hos3p;CobB

2-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA;2-hydroxyisobutyrate

Activate transcription

[26]

Promote spermatogenesis

[26]

Kbhb

P300

NA

SIRT3;HDAC1–3

β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA;β-hydroxybutyrate

Activate transcription

[27]

Promote memory development of CD8+ Tmem cells

[67]

Antagonize glomerulosclerosis induced by diabetes

[68]

Alleviate depressive behaviors

[69]