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Table 5 Potential TILs-related immunotherapy for CCA

From: The role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in cholangiocarcinoma

Ref

Author

Year

Country

Experimental methods

Tumor type

Treatment

Outcomes

[45]

Diggs L

2020

USA

Animal model

iCCA

Combined anti-CD40/PD-1

Impaired iCCA cell growth, prolonged mice survival.

[46]

Sawasdee N

2020

Thailand

Cell culture experiment

CCA

Gemcitabine combined with cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs)

Gemcitabine in combination with CTLs promotes cancer cell death.

[47]

Jiraviriyakul A

2019

Thailand

Cell culture experiment

CCA

Honokiol plus dendritic cells (DC)-based vaccine

T lymphocytes stimulated with DCs pulsed with cell lysates of honokiol-treated CCA cells significantly increased specific killing of human CCA cells compared to DCs pulsed with cell lysates of untreated CCA cells.

[48]

Morisaki T

2012

Japan

Cell culture experiment

CCA

Cytokine-activated killer (CAK) cells with cetuximab

Combining CAK cells with cetuximab significantly enhanced cytotoxicity.

[49]

Pan YR

2020

China

Animal model

iCCA

DNA vaccination targeting CTLA4–PD-L1

DNA vaccination targeting CTLA4–PD-L1 triggered the production of specific antibodies and suppressed tumor growth in an iCCA rodent model.

[35]

Fukuda Y

2020

Japan

Animal model

iCCA

CXCL9

CXCL9 knockout leads to greater tumor burden by disrupting natural killer cell recruitment into the tumor in mice

  1. Various studies investigated potential immunotherapy based on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in animal models or cell experiments
  2. CAK Cytokine-activated killer, CCA cholangiocarcinoma, CTLs cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, CTLA4 cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte associated protein 4, DCs dendritic cells, iCCA intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, PD1 programmed cell death protein 1, PD-L1 programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, RFS relapse-free survival