Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2): a universal tumour biomarker and a potential therapeutical target

Table 2 Reported biological functions of STC2 in human cancers

Biological functions	Involved processes	Mechanisms	References
Cell proliferation	Promotes cell cycle progression	Induces cyclin D expression and Rb hyper-phosphorylation	[117]
Cell survival	Suppresses apoptosis	Activates MAPK signaling Activates PI3K-Akt signaling Activates the Jun-Axl-Erk signaling	[43, 150, 151]
Tumour metastasis	Cell migration and invasion	Promotes the production of MMPs Drives EMT through inducing N-cadherin and vimentin and suppressing E-cadherin	[47, 118]
Stress Response	Integrated stress response as a result of unfolded/misfolded proteins or the deprivation of nutrients	Compromises calcineurin expression and calcineurin-dependent PERK phosphorylation Upregulates ATF4 expression in STC2 transgenic mice	[105]
Immune avoidance	Functions as a metagene Compromises the activity of IFN-γ-producing CD8 + Tc1 cells	Reduces the expression of immune-associated metagenes Modulates the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells	[52, 152]

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