Fig. 3

Increased tumor immune cell infiltrations in patients with durable clinical benefit (DCB) before initiation of the nintedanib and pembrolizumab association. A CXCL10, CCL22 and soluble Tie2 plasma levels were significantly higher in patients with DCB (1464 pg/mL [range: 409.8–4290.5], 1032.8 pg/mL [range: 810.5–1479.9] and 3796.6 pg/mL [range: 2710.9–4665.6], respectively) than patients without DCB (334.7 pg/mL [range: 81.1–767.6], 745.2 pg/mL [range: 396.8–1088.5] and 2896.5 pg/mL [range: 2230.4–4132.7]) (Wilcoxon rank sum test; p = 0.03, p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). B The percentage of α4β7+ CD4+ and PD1+ OX40+ CD4+ cells among total circulating CD4+ T cells was significantly higher in patients with DCB (28.7% [range: 22.4–42.6] and 43.1% [range: 25.6–78.9], respectively) than without DCB (17.7% [range: 13.1–23.9] and 25.9% [range: 14.5–55.4]) (Wilcoxon rank sum test; p = 0.024 and p = 0.03, respectively). C Patients with PR had PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and immune infiltration in tumor stroma, characterized by IHC (Wilcoxon rank sum test; non-significant). Abbreviations: PD = Progressive disease; SD = Stable disease; PR = Partial response; Ninte. = nintedanib; DCB = Durable clinical benefit; MDC = Macrophage Derived Chemokine; DC = dendritic cells