Fig. 3

Proteasome inhibitors induce anti-tumor effects in HCC PDXOs. A Proteasome activity in HCC PDXO1, 11 and 22 T1 following treatment with carfilzomib and ixazomib for 4 and 24 hours. Data presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001, compared to respective time-point controls (0 nM). Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Student’s t test. B Immunoblot analysis of ER stress pathway proteins upon treatment with carfilzomib (CAR) and ixazomib (IXA) in HCC PDXOs. C Immunofluorescence staining of aggresome (AGG) formation in PDX11 organoids with corresponding quantification of aggresome expression. MG-132 was used as a positive control. Scale bar = 20 μm. Data presented as mean ± SD, n = 10. D Immunoblotting of markers of apoptosis in HCC PDXOs treated with carfilzomib (CAR) and ixazomib (IXA)