Fig. 3

Aerobic glycolysis in NPC cells. LMP1 secreted by EBV enhances glucose consumption and lactate generation in NPC cells. Increased glucose consumption in the tumor cells leads to immune cell starvation. EBV (LMP1) leads to the accumulation of fumarate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), which inhibits the expression of RIP3 and protects NPC cells from TNF-induced necrotizing apoptosis. GLUT1: glucose transporter 1, OAA: Oxaloacetic acid, a-KG: a–ketoglutarate, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase