Fig. 3

RNA modification alters ncRNA targeting. A Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of the seed sequence of a miRNA can alter the base pairing properties of the miRNA. The double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminases (ADARs) can interact with target site (here the target site is the seed sequence of miR-200b) and change adenosine bases to inosine, thereby changing the sequence of the target site. In this example, ADARs change the seed sequence of the miR-200b. The edited miR-200b loses its ability to interact with 3′UTR of ZEB1 and ZEB2; while it concomitantly acquires the capability to interact with novel targets such as LIFR, a well-known anti-metastatic gene. Therefore, this process can change the tumor-suppressive miR-200b to an oncogenic miRNA. B Alternative polyadenylation (APA) in the 3′UTR can generate multiple mRNA transcripts with different 3′ UTRs. As shown here, the 3′ UTR of the candidate gene includes two APA sites which can give rise to two isoforms with short and long 3′ UTRs. The short isoform might produce more proteins due to escaping from repression by various components such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and RNA-binding proteins