Fig. 1

TRIM56 is elevated in glioma and associated with poor prognosis in glioma patients. a Heat map of differentially expressed TRIM family genes between normal brain tissue (n = 5) and glioblastoma (n = 167) from the TCGA-GBM dataset. Gene expression values are z-transformed. The five genes with the most pronounced variability are highlighted by the red boxes. b Wayne plots showing eight genes (TRIM2, TRIM3, TRIM17, TRIM25, TRIM27, TRIM28, TRIM35, and TRIM56) that showed significantly different expression in all three data sets. c The expression level of TRIM56 in glioma patient and normal brain tissues (NBT) in TCGA-GBM, GSE108474, TCGA-LGG GBM, CGGA, and Rembrandt datasets. d-e Representative immunostaining and quantification of TRIM56 in different grade human glioma and normal brain tissue (NBT) samples (magnification: × 200, × 400). f Western blot and quantification of protein expression levels of TRIM56 in normal human astrocytes (NHAs) and glioma cell lines BG7, BG5, GBM#P3, U251, LN229, and U118MG. Comparisons between two independent samples and among multiple samples were performed using two-tailed t tests and one-way ANOVA, respectively. Error bars indicate at least three independent experiments, and data are shown as mean ± SEM. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗  ∗ p < 0.01, ∗  ∗  ∗ p < 0.001, and ∗  ∗  ∗  ∗ p < 0.0001