Fig. 3

Low-dose SNAP increases CD8⁺ effector T cells, and the cytotoxicity pathway is enriched in these cells. (A) Subclustering of T lymphocytes and visualization of the subsets. Dimension reduction by UMAP displaying six subsets of T lymphocytes (814 cells). (B) Distribution of each subset of T lymphocytes in the control and SNAP treatment groups. (C) Biological process and (D) KEGG pathway analyses of 92 DEGs (avg_log₂-fold change > 0.5) in CD8⁺ T cells. The GeneRatio indicates the number of significant genes associated with the Gene Ontology (GO) term divided by the total number of genes in the related pathway in the database. (E) MSigDB ontology gene set analysis of 1117 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Cluster 1 CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells after low-dose SNAP treatment; the list of DEGs is shown in the Supplementary Data. 3. DEGs were identified using the “FindMarker” function in the Seurat package. The red bar represents the upregulated pathway after low-dose SNAP treatment. All pathways were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). The p-value of GSEA was calculated by permutation