Fig. 1

Mainly components of the TME and their biological characteristics. In the TME, NFs can differentiate into CAFs with highly expression of FAP, FGF2 and α-SMA. Adipocytes can differentiate into CAAs with low expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, HSL, APN and FABP4. Resting stellate cells are rich in vitamin A, with highly expression of desmi and GFAP, whereas activated stellate cells lack vitamin A, with highly expression of α-SMA. CAFs, CAAs and stellate cells produce ECM by secreting components such as collagen. According to the different MHC molecules, T lymphocytes can activate into two main subtypes, CD4 + T or CD8 + T cells. M1-polarized TAMs can delay tumor progression with highly expression of IL-1β, CD80 and CD86. M2-polarized TAMs benefit to tumor progression with highly expression of IL-10, CD163 and CD206. Tumor microvascular tissue consists of ECs and pericytes. VEGFR and FGFR promote the maturation and migration of ECs. PDGFR can maintain pericyte stability the stability of pericytes. Up-regulated CCBE1, Adamts3, VEGFR-3 and its ligand VEGF-C favor lymphangiogenesis in TME