Fig. 2

AHSA1 is a high-risk MM marker and induces proteasome inhibitor resistance in vitro and in vivo. A Box plot representing AHSA1 expression in eight MM risk subgroups from TT2 patient cohort. B IHC staining of AHSA1 and Ki67 expressions in MM patient samples. C AHSA1 mRNA expression in paired patient MM samples collected at first diagnosis and relapse stage. D IHC staining of AHSA1 expression in the relapsed samples and the corresponding samples from first diagnosis. E–F Elevated AHSA1 expression was correlated with decreased OS in relapsed patients from the (E) TT2 and (F) APEX cohorts by long-term following up. G Effects of Bortezomib on cell viability of H929 cells with or without overexpression of AHSA1. H IC50 values of BTZ, CZ and ADR in MM cells with or without overexpression of AHSA1. I The rate of BTZ-induced apoptosis was shown in the histogram. J Effects of BTZ on cell apoptosis in ARP1 cells with or without overexpression of AHSA1. K Effects of Bufalin on cell viability in ANBL6 DR (Bortezomib-resistant) cells. L Effects of Bufalin (60 nM) on the cell viability of flow MRD-positive peripheral cells from first diagnosed and relapsed MM patients. M Time course of tumor growth in ARP1 AHSA1 WT/OE xenografts taken from NOD-SCID mice treated with vehicle, BTZ, or ADR. The data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD.*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001