Fig. 3

The RPTOR-promoted BM of NSCLC through the SPHK2/S1P/STAT3 signaling pathway. A-D Western blotting showed that the exogenous RRTOR boosted the expression of proteins of the ceramide metabolism pathway, including SPHK2, S1PR1 and p-STAT3 (ser705). E–H The SPHK2 inhibitor, ABC294640, reversed the activation of the SPHK2/S1P/STAT3 signaling pathway and the RPTOR overexpression-increased cell invasiveness and permeability of BBB, while the S1P inhibitor, fingolimod hydrochloride, reduced the expression of S1P1 protein, without affecting the expression of YY1 and SPHK2