Fig. 1

Regulation of ferroptosis [242]: cells require PUFAs for maintaining energy metabolism, with tremendous ROS production to oxidize PUFAs, especially AAs into PLOOH, which leads to cell membrane rupture and cell death. Iron catalyzes this process. System Xc⁻ transports Cys₂ for the synthesis of GSH. GPX4 reduces the PLOOH into PLOH by GSH to resist ferroptosis. TXN pathway plays as an alternative way when GPX4 is inhibited. BH4 and CoQ also act as anti-ferroptosis way due to the function of eliminating ROS. In mitochondria, where ROS proliferates, DHODH inhibits mitochondrial ferroptosis cooperating with mitochondria GPX4