Fig. 4

Schematic representation of Variable organoid development techniques. A The hanging drop technique, allows organoids to self-assemble into 3D structures by dropping small drops of cell-containing liquid upside down on a culture surface. B The ultra-low attachment U-bottom technique is used to produce organoids by placing cells in U-shaped wells with non-sticky surfaces and stimulating them to develop 3D structures without attaching to the bottom. C The bioreactor method for organoid culture involves placing cells in a controlled environment that simulates the conditions of the body, allowing them to develop into more realistic and functioning 3D structures. D Magnetic levitation for organoid development involves suspending and arranging cells by virtue of magnetic force. E In Matrigel-dependent organoid development, cells are implanted in a gel-like substance called Matrigel, which acts as a scaffold to stimulate the production of 3D organoids by mimicking the natural cellular environment