Fig. 5

Development of human PDO BCa models and cytotoxicity of NK cells against the PDO. (A) Representative hematoxylin-and-eosin (H&E) images of paracancerous tissue-derived organoid and BCa tissue-derived organoid derived from BCa specimens (magnification ×40, scale bar 50 μm); (B) Representative bright-field image of coculture of NK cells with paracancerous tissue-derived organoid or BCa tissue-derived organoid, PDOs alone were set as controls (n = 3); (C) Cytotoxicity of NK cells against paracancerous tissue-derived organoid and BCa tissue-derived organoid at E/T ratio of 20:1 after 2 h coculture measured using LDH assay (n = 3); (D) Granzyme B levels of the supernatant after the NK cells were cocultured with paracancerous tissue-derived organoid and BCa tissue-derived organoid at E/T ratio of 20:1 after 2 h coculture measured using ELISA (n = 3); (E) IFN-γ levels of the supernatant after the NK cells were cocultured with paracancerous tissue-derived organoid and BCa tissue-derived organoid at E/T ratio of 20:1 after 2 h coculture measured using ELISA (n = 3). Data are shown as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired t-test (C-E). *p < 0.05; ns, not significant. Abbreviations: PDO: patient-derived organoid; BCa: bladder cancer; E/T: effector-to-target ratio; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay