Fig. 3

T cells in the glioma microenvironment. Diagrammatic sketch of T cells and their modulatory elements within the glioma microenvironment. On the left, key inhibitory receptors on T cells such as PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIM-3, TIGIT, CD96, A2AR, VISTA, LILRB2, LILRB4, B7-H3, and B7-H4 are highlighted. These receptors attenuate T cell effector functions to prevent autoimmunity and maintain self-tolerance. In the glioma microenvironment, APCs and tumor cells often exploit these inhibitory pathways to evade immune detection. On the right, T cell activators including CD28, CD226, OX40, ICOS, GITR, 4-1BB, and CD70 are depicted. These activators engage with their respective ligands on APCs and tumor cells, enhancing T cell activation, proliferation, and survival, thereby promoting an anti-tumor immune response