Table 1 Overview of ICIs in clinical trials for glioma immunotherapy
From: From glioma gloom to immune bloom: unveiling novel immunotherapeutic paradigms-a review
Target | Intervention | Author | Year | Journal | Country | Clinical Trial Phase | Enrolment | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PD-1 | Pembrolizumab | Sahebjam et al | 2018 | Neuro Oncol | US | I | 32 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03426891. Combined with vorinostat and temozolomide. No dose-limiting adverse events were observed, thrombocytopenia and fatigue were the most common adverse events |
| Â | Â | Migliorini et al | 2019 | Neuro Oncol | CH | I/II | 24 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03665545. The IMA950/poly-ICLC vaccine was safe and well tolerated, median overall survival was 19Â months for glioblastoma patients |
|  |  | - | - | - | US | II | 35 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02852655. Better survival with pre-and post-operative treatment; upregulation of T-cell and interferon-γ-related gene expression |
| Â | Â | Groot et al | 2020 | Neuro Oncol | US | II | 15 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02337686. Indirect signs of immune engagement were observed; anti-PD-1 monotherapy was seen as insufficient for the majority of glioblastoma patients |
| Â | Â | - | - | - | US | N.A | 12 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02658279. For patients with recurrent malignant glioma with a hypermutator phenotype |
| Â | Â | Iwamoto et al | 2022 | Neuro Oncol | US | II | 60 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03661723. Re-irradiation with pembrolizumab was overall well tolerated and achieved comparable efficacy to traditional methods |
| Â | Cemiplimab | Reardon et al | 2020 | Neuro Oncol | US | I/II | 52 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03491683. Delivered by electroporation in combination with INO-5401 and INO-9012, overall survival was found encouraging |
| Â | Nivolumab | - | - | - | US | II | 37 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03557359. For recurrent or progressive IDH mutant gliomas |
| Â | Â | - | - | - | US | II | 94 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03743662. With radiation therapy and bevacizumab for recurrent MGMT-methylated glioblastoma |
| Â | Â | - | - | - | US | II | 95 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03718767. For IDH-mutant gliomas with and without hypermutator phenotype |
| Â | Â | Omuro et al | 2023 | Neuro Oncol | Multinational | III | 550 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02617589. Safety confirmed but no survival advantage demonstrated in unmethylated MGMT promotor GBM |
| Â | Â | Lim et al | 2022 | Neuro Oncol | UK | III | 693 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02667587. No improvement in progression-free survival; overall survival data is pending |
| Â | Â | Reardon et al | 2020 | JAMA Oncol | Multinational | III | 369 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02017717. No difference in overall outcome vs bevacizumab; Median OS 9.8Â months with nivolumab |
| Â | Â | Schalper et al | 2019 | Nat Med | ES | II | 30 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02550249. Increased chemokine transcripts, immune cell infiltration, and T-cell receptor clonal diversity were observed post-surgery |
| Â | Â | - | - | - | US | I | 60 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04606316. In combination with ipilimumab and surgery |
PD-L1 | Atezolizumab | Weathers et al | 2020 | J Clin Oncol | US | I/II | 60 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03174197. In combination with temozolomide and radiation Therapy |
| Â | Â | Tiu et al | 2021 | Neuro Oncol | UK | I/II | 51 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03673787. With ipilimumab and short-course radiotherapy in MGMT unmethylated GBM. Preliminary evidence of antitumor activity |
| Â | Retifanlimab | Campian et al | 2022 | J Clin Oncol | US | II | 55 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03532295. Retifanlimab combined with radiotherapy and bevacizumab in patients with glioma was well-tolerated and had encouraging OS and PFS |
| Â | Avelumab | Neyns et al | 2019 | J Clin Oncol | BE | II | 52 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03291314. Was well tolerated when used in combination with axitinib, but did not meet the threshold for activity justifying further investigation |
| Â | Â | Jacques et al | 2021 | Neurooncol Adv | CA | II | 30 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03047473. No apparent improvement in overall survival was used for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients |
| Â | Bintrafusp alfa | - | - | - | Multinational | I | 105 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02517398. The same trial explores intervention efficacy for other cancer types, and favorable results have been published |
| Â | Durvalumab | - | - | - | US | II | 36 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02794883. Durvalumab used with tremelimumab or alone |
| Â | Â | Reardon et al | 2019 | J Clin Oncol | US, AU | II | 84 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02336165. Was well tolerated when combined with radiotherapy and seemed to have efficacy among patients with new unmethylated glioblastoma |
CTLA-4 | Ipilimumab | Sloan et al | 2018 | J Clin Oncol | US | I | 32 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02311920. Usage was found safe and tolerable |
| Â | Â | - | - | - | US | II | 37 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04145115 |
| Â | Â | - | - | - | US | II/III | 485 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04396860 |
| Â | Tremelimumab | - | - | - | US | II | 36 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02794883. Tremelimumab used with durvalumab or alone |
LAG-3 4-1BB | BMS 986016 Urelumab | Lim et al | 2020 | J Clin Oncol | US | I | 63 | ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02658981. The maximum tolerated dose has been identified |
TIM-3 | MBG453 Spartalizumab | - | - | - | US | I | 15 | Unpublished: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03961971 |