Fig. 2

Monocyte-related gene signature enriched in the PBMC of non-responders. a Schematic diagram of the study design and workflow. b UMAP visualization of 30,667 single-cell transcriptomes of immune cells identifying 23 populations and colored by cell type assignment. c Stacked histograms indicating the proportion of immune subsets in each patient. d Volcano plot depicting DEGs between NR and R. Four top genes enriched in the NR group are boxed with red dashed lines, and their expression is shown as UMAP feature plots (f). e GO pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs from PBMCs between NR and R. g UMAP visualization of monocytes. Left: Monocytes stratified by NR group (blue) and R group (yellow). Right: Monocytes stratified into four populations. h Proportions of monocyte subsets in each group. The numbers indicate the percentage of S100A9⁺CD14⁺ monocytes