Fig. 4

Tumor-induced glutamine metabolic competition shapes immune cell responses in the tumor microenvironment. A Tumor-induced glutamine competition leads to reduced uptake in immune cells. B Tumor-induced glutamine competition via mTOR pathway to regulate immune function. C Tumor-induced glutamine competition via the PD-1/PD-L1 axis to regulate immune function. D Tumor-induced glutamine competition promotes glutamate secretion to modulate immune responses. Red solid T arrows direct inhibitory interactions. Created with BioRender.com. TANs, tumor-associated neutrophils; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; NK, natural killer; Tregs, regulatory T cells; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressive cells; PD-1, programmed cell death 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1; IFN, interferons; IL, interleukin; TME, tumor microenvironment