Table 1 Laboratory Tests Used to Diagnose and Monitor PCa Biomarkers
From: Oxidative stress in prostate hyperplasia and carcinogenesis
Test | Specimen | Factors measured | Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxidative stress | Blood | Activity changes of superoxide-dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ceruloplasmin (Cp), tripeptide glutathione (GSH), glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione-reductase (GR) | Spectrophotometry | |
Oxidative stress | prostate tissue | Thioredoxin 1 (Trx 1) | Spectrophotometry | [37] |
Oxidative stress | Tissue | Inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS-2) | Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) | [152] |
Oxidative stress | Blood | Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein, peroxides, and total equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) | Spectrophotometer | [32] |
Global oxidation | Blood | plasma fluorescent oxidation products | Spectrophotometry | [40] |
Oxidative stress | Blood | carboxymethyllysine (CML), advanced glycation end products (AGE) | Spectrophotometry | [40] |
Oxidative stress | Prostatebiopsy (needle biopsy) | Total thiol groups (TTG) level | Spectrophotometry (2 thionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB)) | |
Lymphocyte DNA damage | Blood | lymphocyte DNA damage | single cell alkaline gel electrophoresis, tail length migration | [15] |
Lipid peroxidation | Plasma | Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), serum protein carbonylation | Spectrophotometry; Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), concentrations of TBA- MDA adduct | |
Lipid oxidation | Urine, blood, tissues | F2-isoprostanes | Gas/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry, immunological methods | |
Body composition | Air | Volume of air the body displaced inside an enclosed chamber (plethysmograph) | Air plethysmography (BOD POD) |