Fig. 3

Tetraspanin 1 (TSPAN1) promotes cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. (a) Overexpressing TSPAN1 promoted CCA cells migration, whereas silencing TSPAN1 suppressed migration in wound healing assay; representative images were captured at 0 and 24 h. (b) Representative images of invasion assays (100× magnification) for CCA cell lines. (c) Images of intrahepatic metastatic nodules originating from CCLP1 and HCCC9810 cells and number of nodules are shown in the left panels. (d) Images of peritoneal cavity metastasis of CCLP1 and HCCC9810 cells and number of nodules are summarized in the right panels. (e) Pulmonary metastatic nodules are shown in the upper panels, and number and incidence of nodules are displayed in the lower panels. (f) Representative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images of lung metastases (40× magnification) are shown for indicated cell lines. Data are means ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001