Iron and leukemia: new insights for future treatments

Table 1 Summary on the role of iron chelators in leukemia

Name	Properties	Type of leukemia	Mode of action	Ref.
DFO	FDA-approved iron chelator	AML, ALL	Inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, differentiation and G1/S cell cycle arrest; inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, decreases the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21^CIP1/WAF1 protein, induces ROS generation, activates IFN-γ/STAT1 and MAPK pathway.	[14, 80, 83,84,85]
DFX	FDA-approved iron chelator	AML, ALL	Inhibits proliferation and induces differentiation; induces ROS generation, inhibits NF-κB and mTOR signaling pathway, restores GVL.	[14, 16, 79, 86, 87]
3-AP	3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone	AML, ALL	Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase.	[88]
SIHA	Tridentate iron chelator	AML	Induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential.	[89]
Dp44mT	Di-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone	AML, ALL	Induces apoptosis and G1/S cell cycle arrest; activates MAPK pathway.	[90]
EP	Thrombopoietin receptor agonist	AML	Induces differentiation and G1 cell cycle arrest.	[15]
CPX	Fungicide	AML, ALL, CML	Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase.	[91, 92]

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