Fig. 7

RND2 attenuates autophagy by inhibiting p38 MAPK signalling pathway activation. a-b p38 rescued cell autophagy induced by RND2 expression. Cells were prepared for transmission electron microscopy analysis. The number of autophagic vacuoles was analysed and the red arrows indicate autophagic vacuoles. **P < 0.01. c Overexpressing p38 rescued the inhibition of autophagy-related proteins caused by RND2 in U87 cells. d 3-MA decreases the levels apoptosis-related protein caused by RND2. e-g 3-MA downregulated RND2-mediated apoptosis in U87MG cells, with the relative apoptosis rate significantly downregulated by 3-MA. Cell apoptosis was determined by FACS. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. h Mechanistic model for RND2 regulation of cell autophagy and apoptosis in GBM