Fig. 2

Fusobacterium nucleatum leads to DNA damage in CRC cells. HCT16 and HT29 cells were treated with PBS, Escherichia coli, or Fusobacterium nucleatum with different MOI. a The number of cells counted by hemocytometry at hour 6, 24 and 48 after treatment to detect cell proliferation. b Representative micrographs (400 ×) showing Comet assay. c Representative micrographs (400 ×) showing γH2AX immunofluorescence assay. d γH2AX formation determined by flow cytometry. e The number of cells in different cell cycle phases. *p < 0.05 vs. PBS or Escherichia coli. Data are expressed as mean ± s.d. Data from multiple groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test. Data comparison at different time points was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Each experiment was repeated three times