Novel insights into extrachromosomal DNA: redefining the onco-drivers of tumor progression

Table 1 The unique characteristics of ecDNA compared to chrDNA and their outcomes in tumorigenesis

	chrDNA	ecDNA	Function of ecDNA based on the difference	Outcome in tumorigenesis	Reference
Structure	Circular	Linear	High chromatin accessibility and ultra-long-range chromatin contact	High levels of oncogene transcription and expression	[19]
Centromere	Centric	Acentric	Uneven segregation during cell division	Increased intratumoral heterogeneity and enhanced fitness to changing environments	[23, 31,32,33]
Stability	Stable	Unstable	Eliminable via micronucleus formation	Tumor phenotype reversion	[34,35,36,37,38,39]

ISSN: 1756-9966