Fig. 1
CTD inhibits the proliferation of the CRC cells. a The structure of the costunolide. b MTT assay was conducted to measure the effect of CTD with various concentrations on the proliferation of the CRC cells at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. c IC50 was analyzed via the cell viability assay. d The anchorage-independent colony formation assay was performed to detect the proliferative ability of the CRC cells treated with different concentrations of CTD for 2 weeks. e The cell cycle of the CRC cells treated with different concentrations of CTD for 24 h was detected using flow cytometry. f The effects of CTD on the expression of the biomarkers with the cell cycle. g The cell apoptosis of the treated with various CTD concentrations for 24 h was detected using flow cytometry. h The effects of CTD on the expression of biomarkers of apoptosis. The data are shown as mean ± SD of values from triplicate samples. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.01) indicate a significant difference compared to the control