Fig. 1

YAP enhances autophagy under basal conditions. a Representative immunoblots of LC3 and p62 levels in vector and YAP over-expression U251 and U87 cells under basal conditions. b Representative fluorescence micrographs of vector and YAP over-expression U251 and U87 cells expressing GFP-LC3. Scale bar: 50 μm. c Quantification of GFP-LC3 puncta presented in (b). d Representative electron micrographs of vector and YAP over-expression U251 cells. White arrowhead indicated autophagic structure with double-membrane, known as autophagosome (AP); Blue arrowhead indicated autophagic vesicles (AVs) with single-membrane containing cytosolic material undergoing degradation, known as autolysosome (AL); Red arrowhead indicated lysosome. Scale bar: 2 μm. Quantification of AVs (e, including AP and AL), AP and AL(f) and lysosomes(g) in vector and YAP over-expression U251 cells presented in (d). The results were representative of experiments repeated at least three times and presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001