Fig. 2

CRISPR/Cas9 is used to enhance the function of adoptive T-cell therapy. By knocking out endogenous TCR and MHC-I in off-the-shelf T-cells, the risk of graft-versus-host disease and host-versus-graft reaction is negated, respectively (a). CRISPR allows safe integration of TCR or CAR into T-cells for a uniform surface expression (b). Genes that propel cytokine production and genes that suppress them can be manipulated to increase cytokine production (c). By making use of base editors and prime editors, unwanted mutations can be denied to produce safer T cell products (d). Lastly, checkpoint inhibitors can be knocked out separately or in combination to create more durable and persistent T-cells (e)