Table 3 Efficacy outcomes reported for screened drugs

Ipilimumab

Monotherapy for unresected melanoma [Yervoy™ package insert]: ORR, 10.9 %; median OS, 10 months; HR for OS, 0.66

Combination with nivolumab [Yervoy™ package insert]: ORR, 36 %; median PFS, 5.1 months; HR for PFS, 0.82; median OS, 17.1 months; HR for OS, 0.79

Combination with nivolumab and platinum-doublet chemotherapy [Yervoy™ package insert]: ORR, 38 %; median PFS, 6.8 months; HR for PFS, 0.70: median OS, 14.1 months, HR for OS, 0.69

Phase 4 and post market studies

3

Tim-3 blockers

Efficacy data not available

Efficacy data not available

Multiple phase 2 studies

1

Lag-3 blockers

Efficacy data not available

Combination with Nivolumab for metastatic melanoma [49]: Sponsor reported through press release that the combination met the primary endpoint of PFS. Details have not been published at the time of reporting.

Multiple phase 2 and phase 2/3 studies

1

TIGIT blockers

Tiragolumab for solid tumors [50]: Stable disease in 4 of 24 patients

Tiragolumab with Atezolizumab [50]: ORR, 37 %; median PFS, 5.6 months

Multiple phase 3 studies

3

Chemotherapy

Carboplatin + nab-paclitaxel [51]: ORR, 33 %; DCR, 53 %; median PFS, 6.3 months; median OS, 12.1 months

Carboplatin + sb-paclitaxel [51]: ORR, 25 %; DCR, 49 %; median PFS, 5.8 months; median OS, 11.2 months

Combination with Pembrolizumab, Carboplatin & paclitaxel/nab-paclitaxel [40]: ORR, 58 %; median PFS 6.4 months; HR for PFS, 0.56; median OS, 15.9 months; HR for OS, 0.64

Combination with Pembrolizumab, Platinum based drug & pemtrexed [39]: ORR, 48 %; DCR, 85 %; median PFS 8.8 months; HR for PFS, 0.52; median OS, not reached; HR for OS, 0.49

Combination with Atezolizumab, Carboplatin & nab-paclitaxel [52]: ORR, 49 %; DCR, 79 %; median PFS, 7.0 months; HR for PFS, 0.64; median OS, 18.6 months; HR for OS, 0.79

Phase 4 and multiple post market studies

3

Bevacizumab

Combination with docetaxel [53]: ORR, 36 %; DCR, 62 %; median PFS, 4.4 months; HR for PFS, 0.71; median OS, 13.1 months; HR for OS, 0.74

Combination with carboplatin & paclitaxel [54]: ORR, 42 %; DCR, 85 %

Combination with pemetrexed and carboplatin [55]: ORR, 34 %; DCR, 66 %; median PFS, 6.0 months; HR for PFS, 0.83; median OS, 12.6 months; HR for OS, 1.0

Combination with erlotinib [56]: ORR, 69 %; DCR, 99 %; median PFS, 16.0 months; HR for PFS, 0.54

Combination with Atezolizumab & chemotherapy [43]: ORR, 64 %; DCR, 85 %; median PFS, 8.3 months; HR for PFS, 0.62; median OS 19.2 months; HR for OS, 0.78

Multiple phase 3 studies

3

FAP-IL-2 V

Monotherapy* [57]: ORR, 7 %; DCR, 45 %

Data not available

Multiple phase 3 studies

2

Cobimetinib

Combination with vemurafenib (melanoma) [58]: ORR, 67 %; DCR, 87 %; median PFS, 11.3 months; HR for death or disease progression, 0.60

Combination with atezolizumab (CRC) [59]: ORR, 3 %; DCR, 26 %; median PFS, 1.9 months; median OS, 8.9 months;

Multiple phase 3 studies

3

Imprime PGG

Combination with cetuximab and chemotherapy [60]: ORR, 37 %; DCR, 85 %; median OS, 10.3 months; HR for OS, 1.14

Combination with bevacizumab and chemotherapy [61]: ORR, 60 %; DCR, 94 %; median PFS, 11.6 months; HR for PFS, 1.31; median OS, 16.1 months; HR for OS, 0.75

Combination with pembrolizumab (TNBC) [62]: ORR, 16 %; DCR, 55 %; median OS, 13.7 months

Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies

3

AM0010

Monotherapy (solid tumors) [63]: ORR, 21 %

Monotherapy (RCC) [63]: ORR, 27 %

Combination with pembrolizumab or nivolumab [64]:

NSCLC subset: ORR, 43 %; DCR, 82 %; median PFS, 9.4 months; median OS, 24.1 months

Melanoma subset: ORR, 10 %; DCR, 52 %; median PFS, 2.2 months; median OS, 16.7 months

RCC subset: ORR, 40 %; DCR, 86 %; median PFS, 12.5 months; median OS, not reached

Phase 2 study

3

BL8040

Data not available

Combination with pembrolizumab and chemotherapy (PDAC) [65]: ORR, 3 %; DCR, 34 %; median OS, 3.3 months

Multiple phase 1/2 studies

2

Selicrelumab

Monotherapy (solid tumors, dose escalation study) [66]: ORR, 14 %; DCR, 38 %

Combination with gemcitabine (PDAC) [67]: ORR, 19 %; DCR, 71 %; median PFS, 5.2 months; median OS, 8.4 months

Combination with tremelimumab (melanoma) [68]: ORR 27 %; median PFS, 3.2 months; median OS 23.6 months

Combination with cisplatin and pemetrexed (mesothelioma) [69]: ORR, 40 %; DCR, 93 %; median PFS, 6.3 months; median OS, 16.5 months

Combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel (solid tumors) [70]: ORR, 20 %; DCR, 60 %

Data not available

Multiple phase 1 studies

3

Reolysin

Combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel:

NSCLC [71]: ORR, 31 %; DCR, 89 %; median PFS, 4.0 months; median OS, 13.1 months

Melanoma [72]: ORR, 21 %; DCR, 85 %; median PFS, 5.2 months; median OS, 10.9 months

PDAC [73]: ORR, 20 %; DCR, 74 %; median PFS, 4.9 months; median OS, 7.3 months

Ovarian cancer [74]: ORR, 17 %; DCR, 52 %; median PFS, 4.4 months; median OS, 12.6 months

Combination with pembrolizumab and chemotherapy (MAP) [75, 76]: DCR, 30 % in efficacy evaluable patients

Multiple phase 2 and phase 3 studies

3

Hu5F9G4

Monotherapy (solid tumors) [77]: Dose finding study. 2 patients (ovarian and fallopian tube cancers) treated with weekly maintenance doses at 20 mg/kg had confirmed partial responses with time to progression 5.2 months and 9.2 months respectively.

Combination with cetuximab (CRC) [78]: ORR, 6.7 %; median PFS, 3.6 months; median OS, 10.1 months in KRASwt patients. SD, 45 %; median PFS, 1.9 months; median OS, 10.4 months in KRASm patients.

Data not available

Multiple phase 1 studies

2

Cabozatinib

Monotherapy [79]: ORR, 10 %; DCR, 38 %; median PFS, 2.4 months; median OS, 7.7 months

Monotherapy or plus erlotinib [80]: ORR, 11 %; DCR, 61 %; median PFS, 4.3 months; median OS, 9.2 months; HR for OS 0.51. Combination arm: ORR, 3 %; DCR, 49 %; median PFS, 4.7 months; median OS, 13.3 months

Combination with nivolumab (RCC) [81]: ORR, 56 %; median PFS, 16.6 months; HR for PFS, 0.51; median OS, not reached; HR for OS, 0.60

Multiple phase 3 studies

3

AB928

Combination with modified FOLFOX-6 (CRC) [82]: DCR 76 %

Combination with chemotherapy or PD-1 blocker AB122 (solid tumors) [83]: DCR, 43 % (phase 1 study)

Multiple phase 1 studies

2

Niraparib

Monotherapy PRIMA (OC) [84]: median PFS, 13.8 months; HR for PFS, 0.62; HR for OS, 0.70

QUADRA (OC) [85]: ORR, 10 %; median PFS, 5.5 months; median OS, 17.2 months

CRPC [86]: ORR, 38 %

Combination with pembrolizumab (TNBC) [87]: ORR, 21 %; DCR, 49 %; median PFS, 8.3 months

OC [88]: ORR, 18 %; DCR, 65 %; median PFS, 3.4 months

Multiple phase 3 studies

3

Tocilizumab

Combination with chemotherapy and interferon-α2b (Ovarian Cancer) [89]: ORR, 48 %; DCR, 74 %; median OS, 54 weeks

Data not available

Multiple phase 1/2 studies

2

Isatuximab

Isatuximab is mainly studied in Heme cancers (multiple myeloma). Data in solid tumors is not available.

Combination with atezolizumab (CRC) [90]: No response was seen. SD, 20 %; DCR, 6.7 %; median PFS, 1.4 months; median OS, 5.1 months. Combination did not show superior efficacy over control treatment.

Multiple phase 3 studies

1