Table 1 Failures of phase III clinical trials of immunotherapy for GBM

CheckMate 143 phase III (NCT02017717)

anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) vs anti-VEGF (bevacizumab)

Primary endpoint not reached

↔ No improvement of mOS with anti-PD-1 (9.8 months) vs anti-VEGF (10 months)

Reardon et al., (2020) [110]

CheckMate 498 phase III (NCT02617589)

anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) + RT vs TMZ + RT

Primary endpoint not reached

↔ No improvement of mOS with anti-PD-1 + RT (13.4 months) vs control treatment (14.9 months)

BMS press release; ClinicalTrials.gov

CheckMate 548 phase III (NCT02667587)

anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) + SOC vs placebo + SOC

Primary endpoint not reached

Data not yet released

BMS press release

ACT IV phase III (NCT01480479)

Peptide vaccine targeting EGFRvIII (rindopepimut) + TMZ vs placebo + TMZ

Primary endpoint not reached

↔ No improvement of mOS with rindopepimut (20.1 months) vs control group (20.0 months)

Weller et al., (2017) [111]

NCT00045968 phase III

Dendritic cell vaccine (DCVax®-L) + SOC vs placebo + SOC

Put on hold

For unidentified reasons

Liau et al., (2018) [112]; ClinicalTrials.gov