Fig. 6
TiOxNPs synergized the cytotoxic effect of IR by generating intolerable ROS in aggressive pancreatic cancer cells. A-C OH˙, H2O2, and O2˙ production, respectively, by TiOxNPs under radiation exposure in a cell-free system. n=5. APF (D), DCF (E), DHE (F), and MitoSOx (G) MFI measurements in the dissociated MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 sphere cells treated with TiOxNPs (200 μg/mL) and/or irradiation (5 Gy, n=3). MMP (H) and mitochondrial mass (I) MFI levels in the dissociated MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 sphere cells treated with TiOxNPs (200 μg/mL) and/or irradiation (5 Gy, n=3). J Western blot analysis of the indicated signaling proteins in the dissociated MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 sphere cells treated with TiOxNPs (200 μg/mL) and/or irradiation (5 Gy). Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. ns, not significant. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001