Fig. 2

GAA promoted liver metastasis of PDAC. A Transwell migration assay of pancreatic cancer cells cultured in medium with 0 mM, 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM and 1 mM GAA (upper). 200 × magnifying power. Western blot showing the expression of GATM in pancreatic cancer cells (lower). B Western blot showing expression of EMT markers. C PDAC orthotopic mouse model experiments with 6 weeks GAA diet regimen (pre&post). D IVIS bioluminescence images and quantification of PDAC xenograft tumor progression. E IVIS bioluminescence images and quantification of resected livers and lungs. F PDAC orthotopic mouse model experiments with 2 weeks GAA diet regimen (post). G IVIS bioluminescence images and quantification of PDAC xenograft tumor progression. H Quantitative measurement of the plasma GAA by LC–MS/MS. I RT-qPCR showing the expression of EMT marker genes in primary tumors of mice receiving different diets. Data in (A) are presented as mean ± SEM by ordinary one-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). Data in (D-E, G-I) are presented as mean ± SEM by unpaired t test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001