Fig. 3
Knockdown of GATM suppressed liver metastasis of PDAC. A Representative images showing GATM IHC staining results in different PDAC specimens from PUMCH cohort. 100 × magnifying power. B The levels of GATM expression in pancreatic cancer with different N classification in PUMCH PDAC cohort (left) and TCGA PAAD cohort (right). C Quantitative measurement of intracellular GAA in PANC-1-IN cells by LC–MS/MS. The upper limit of GAA detection per 107 cells was 1.25 nmol. (D-E) Transwell migration assay of pancreatic cancer cells with GATM knockdown or exogenous GAA (1 Mm) treatment. 200 × magnifying power. F Representative images showing the filopodia of PANC-1N cells after intervention. 400 × magnifying power. G-I Western blot showing β-actin and EMT marker proteins expression in pancreatic cancer cells. J Representative bright-field images, IVIS bioluminescence images and quantification of the liver and lung metastasis. NPG mice model. (K) RT-qPCR showing the EMT marker genes expression in primary tumors. L Representative IVIS bioluminescence images and quantification of liver metastasis in spleen injection mouse model. Data in (B) left and (C-F) are presented as mean ± SEM by ordinary one-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test). Data in (B) right and (J, K-L) are presented as mean ± SEM by unpaired t test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001