Fig. 1

Identification of B4GALT1 as a key factor in the tumorigenesis of early-stage LUAD. A The study cohort included four MPLC patients with MIA and IAC tumours. On the left is the pathological and corresponding radiological images of eight tumours. On the right is the heatmap indicating the clinical parameters. mGGO: mixed ground-glass opacity; pGGO: pure ground-glass opacity; RUL: right upper lobe; LUL: left upper lobe; LLL: left lower lobe. B Surgical specimens from these patients were processed for RNA sequencing. C Clustering of RNA-seq data using UMAP. D GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of genes upregulated in IAC. E B4GALT1 expression levels in LUAD grouped by disease stage (data retrieved from TCGA database). FPKM: fragments per kilobase of exon model per million mapped fragments. F B4GALT1 expression was significantly increased in invasive LUAD compared with indolent LUAD (data were obtained from GSE166720). G Disease-free survival curves stratified by B4GALT1 expression (data retrieved from TCGA database). H Overall survival curves stratified by B4GALT1 expression (data retrieved from TCGA database). I Overall survival curves stratified by B4GALT1 expression (data retrieved from GSE31210). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, n.s., not significant