Table 1 The expression of AXL in drug-resistant cancers

Chemotherapy

Paclitaxel, carboplatin

Ovarian cancer

Human

AXL expression was higher in tumors with a poor response to chemotherapy

[59]

Paclitaxel

Endometrial Cancer

Human

AXL level was lower in tumors with good chemoresponse than in those with a poor response

[58]

Targeted therapy

Osimertinib

NSCLC

Human

The response rate of patients with low AXL expression for osimertinib was higher than that with high AXL expression

[19]

Cell

expression of AXL protein was also higher in osimertinib-resistant cells (H1975 OR1 and H1975 OR2) than sensitive cell lines (H1975)

[56]

Erlotinib

NSCLC

Human

AXL significantly increased in NSCLC patients with erlotinib resistance

[57]

Cell

Compared with sensitive cell lines (HCC827 and HCC4006), the mRNA and protein of AXL in erlotinib-resistant cells (HCC8267 ER and HCC4006 ER) were significantly up-regulated

Cetuximab/panitumumab

Colorectal cancer

Human

Progression-free survival was significantly lower in RAS-WT patients with high-AXL undergoing anti-EGFR therapy

[61]

Trastuzumab

Breast cancer

Cell

AXL was up-regulated in resistant cell lines (AU565R, BT474R, and SKBR3R) compared to corresponding sensitive cell lines (AU565, BT474, and SKBR3)

[62]

Mouse

AXL mRNA level is significantly higher in vivo PDX–resistant model

Human

Patients who later experienced tumor recurrence have higher expression of AXL in the initial diagnosis

AZD1775

Small Cell Lung Cancer

Cell

Compared with sensitive cell lines (H1836, H82, H1048), the AXL expression of resistant cell lines (H1417, H865, H1930) was significantly higher

[63]

Immunotherapy

Nivolumab

ccRCC

Human

The objective response rate was significantly lower in patients with high AXL level. Survival rate of patients with AXL-high and PD-1-positive undergoing PD-1 block therapy was significantly lower

[60]